CucumberJVM: 00 - Gherkin Language

Basic Gherkin Feature Model

Feature: User can create an article

Scenario: user logs in
Given user is on HomePage
When user navigates to LoginPage
And user enters UserName and Password
Then message displayed Login Successful

Scenario: user creates a new article
Given user is logged in and on HomePage
When user clicks CreateArticleLink
And user enters ArticleTitle
And user enters ArticleBody
And user neters ArticleTags
And user clicks NewArticleSubmitButton
Then message is displayed Article Created Successfully
And NewArticlePage title is MyNewArticle

Feature Keyword

  • Defines the functionality the test targets
  • Multiple scenarios can be created to cover this functionality
Feature: User can create an article
Feature: User can create an article

This feature will ensure a user can login and the product handles invalid credentials correctly
Feature: User can create an article

This feature will ensure a user can login and the product handles invalid credentials correctly

Unit test scenarios will be listed first, then end-to-end scenarios that are less granular, but reuse the unit test scenario methods

Background Keyword

  • Background holds test steps that are present in each scenario, such as initialization/setup steps to prepare the test bed for the targeted functionality
  • These steps will be ran BEFORE each scenario
Feature: A background runs again for each scenario

Background:
Given User is on HomePage
And HomePage title is “HomePage”
When user clicks LoginLink
Then LoginPage title is “LoginPage”
When user enters LoginUsername “<>” and LoginPassword “<>” and clicks LoginSubmit
Then HomePage title is “HomePage”

Scenario Keyword

  • Scenario equates to a test case & ideally targets the smallest unit of functionality possible
  • End-To-End scenarios might need to also be created & ideally should re-use the steps in atomized scenarios already created.
  • Consistent verbiage & syntax of the features will lend itself to formalizing the test step vocabulary and style.
  • Well thought out scenario descriptions will use few words and make test data easily identified & will spee the test step creation & subsequent automation – especially considering the method names will closely reflect these phrases.
Scenario: user logs in

Scenario Outline Keyword

  • Scenario Outline with the Examples keyword allows data driven testing & is my go-to method, even if only a single set of data will be used.
  • Not only does it make the scenario more readable, but inevitably one will need to run multiple data sets through the test to increase coverage.
Feature:

Scenario Outline:
Given
When
Then
But

Examples:

| arg1 | arg2 | arg3 |
| a | 1 | name1 |
| b | 2 | name2 |

Given Keyword

  • Given defines preconditions for the scenario, such as
  • browser at a Home Page & title is correct
  • Elements are present
  • Login routines
  • Item creation for a 'Delete Item' test
Scenario: user logs in
Given user is on HomePage

When Keyword

  • When defines a action preformed in a test
  • By using And, multiple actions can be enumerated
  • Strategic use of And should produce re-useable Test Definitions / methods so the framework is concise and more easily maintained.
Scenario: user logs in
Given user is on HomePage
When user navigates to LoginPage

Then Keyword

  • Then defines the outcome of an action
  • Verification resides here
Scenario: user logs in
Given user is on HomePage
When user navigates to LoginPage
And user enters UserName and Password
Then message displayed Login Successful

And Keyword

  • And defines additional conditions
Scenario: user logs in
Given user is on HomePage
When user navigates to LoginPage
And user enters UserName and Password
Then message displayed Login Successful

Scenario: user creates a new article
Given user is logged in and on HomePage
When user clicks CreateArticleLink
And user enters ArticleTitle
And user enters ArticleBody
And user neters ArticleTags
And user clicks NewArticleSubmitButton
Then message is displayed Article Created Successfully
And NewArticlePage title is MyNewArticle

Tip

If there are many And steps OR multiple When/Then steps, this is an indication that

  1. more granular scenarios are needed to test those functions

  2. this scenario needs less granular steps, with THESE new methods simply 'batching' the methods from the previous scenarios

user_logs_in(){
user_enters_LoginUsername(){}
user_enters_LoginPassword(){}
user_enters_clicks_LoginButton(){}
}

then continue with the granual steps for the When/Then steps

When user clicks AddItem button
Then AddItem page is displayed

But Keyword

  • helps define negative test case
  • use to signify an expected error condition
Feature: User can't login with incorrect credentials

Scenario: user logs in
Given user is on HomePage
When user navigates to LoginPage
And user enters UserName and Password
But LoginPage credentials are invalid
Then message displayed Incorrect Login Credentials

* Keyword

  • * can stand in for any test step
  • this descreases readability of the scenario, BUT does prevent headaches if keywords are changed later as the Gherkin text is refined.
  • As a keyword changes, the associated Test Definition will need to have its annotation updated to match or the definition won't be found
Scenario: user logs in
* user is on HomePage
* user navigates to LoginPage
* user enters UserName and Password
* message displayed Login Successful

Basic Model

Feature:

Scenario:
Given
When
Then
But

Scenario:
Given
When
Then
But

ScenarioOutline Model for multiple Data Sets

Feature:

Scenario Outline:
Given
When
Then
But

Examples:

| arg1 | arg2 | arg3 |
| a | 1 | name1 |
| b | 2 | name2 |

Reusing Background Logic for Multiple Scenario(Outline) Feature Files

  • Background section will be performed BEFORE EACH scenario, as 'setup' or 'initialization' steps
Feature: A background runs again for each scenario

Background:
Given User is on HomePage
And HomePage title is “HomePage”
When user clicks LoginLink
Then LoginPage title is “LoginPage”
When user enters LoginUsername “<>” and LoginPassword “<>” and clicks LoginSubmit
Then HomePage title is “HomePage”


Scenario Outline: user is able to create an article with title, body, and tags
Given User is logged in
When user clicks CreateNewArticleLink
Then CreateNewArticleLinkPage title is “<>”


Scenario Outline:
Given User is logged in
When
Then
But

Scenario Outline:
Given
When
Then
But

Example with Indentation

  • Different styles of indentation
Feature: Create a new article

Background:
Given user is on HomePage
    And HomePage title is HomePageTitle
When user clicks on LoginPageLink
Then LoginPage title is LoginPageTitle
When user enters LoginUsername "<username>" and LoginPassword "<password>" and clicks LoginSubmitButton
Then HomePage title is HomePageTitle



Scenario Outline: User can create new article with title, body, and tags

Given CreateNewArticleLink is visible
When user clicks new article link
    Then CreateNewArticlePage title is CreateNewArticlePageTitle
When user enters title "<title>" and body "<body>" and tags "<tags>" and clicks CreateArticleSaveAndPublishButton
    Then newly created ArticlePage title is ArticlePageTitle  
Then user closes browser

Examples:

| username | password | title       | body     | tags      |
| Admin    | Admin    | NewArticle1 | NewBody1 | _deleteme |
| Admin    | Admin    | NewArticle2 | NewBody2 | _deleteme |
| Admin    | Admin    | NewArticle3 | NewBody3 | _deleteme |
| Admin    | Admin    | NewArticle4 | NewBody4 | _deleteme |



Scenario Outline: User can preview new article with title, body, and tags AGAIN

Given CreateNewArticleLink is visible
When user clicks new article link
    Then CreateNewArticlePage title is CreateNewArticlePageTitle
When user enters title "<title>" and body "<body>" and tags "<tags>" and clicks CreateArticlePreviewButton
    Then ArticlePreviewPage title is ArticlePreviewPageTitle
Then user closes browser

Examples:

| username | password | title | body | tags |
| Admin | Admin | NewArticle1 | NewBody1 | _deleteme |
| Admin | Admin | NewArticle2 | NewBody2 | _deleteme |
| Admin | Admin | NewArticle3 | NewBody3 | _deleteme |
| Admin | Admin | NewArticle4 | NewBody4 | _deleteme |

References


 


 

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